L'Osservatore Romano
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The first issue of L'Osservatore Romano came out in Rome on 1 July 1861, a few months after the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed (17 March 1861). The publication's aim was clearly apologetical, in defence of the Papal States, and it was deliberately polemical and propagandist. The newspaper took the name of a previous private pamphlet (5 September 1849 - 2 September 1852), directed by Fr Francesco Battelli and financed by a French Catholic legitimist group. The birth of L'Osservatore Romano is closely linked to the defeat in battle suffered by the papal troops at Castelfidardo (8 September 1860). Indeed, after this event, while the Pontiff's temporal power was forcibly reduced in terms of territorial coverage and it did not seem as though there were a power in the whole of Europe to defend it, a large of number of Catholic intellectuals began to arrive in Rome with the firm intent of putting themselves at the service of Pius IX.
